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Weed Management Practices and Needs in Arkansas and Mississippi Rice
- Jason K. Norsworthy, Jason Bond, Robert C. Scott
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 27 / Issue 3 / September 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 623-630
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- Article
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Crop consultants in Arkansas and Mississippi were sent a direct-mail survey in fall of 2011 with questions concerning weed management in rice. The goal of the survey was to document the extent of imidazoline-resistant rice hectares, the herbicides most commonly recommended in rice, the weeds perceived to be most troublesome in rice including those resistant to herbicides, and suggested areas of research and educational focus that would improve weed management in rice. When appropriate, results from this survey were compared to a similar survey conducted in 2006. Completed rice surveys were returned by 43 consultants, accounting for 179,500 ha of scouted rice or 38% of the rice hectarage in Arkansas and Mississippi. Imidazolinone-resistant rice was grown on 64% of the hectares, and this technology was used continually for the past 5 yr on 11% of the rice hectares. Of the area planted to imidazolinone-resistant rice, 42% of this hectarage was treated solely with an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide. Consultants listed improved control options for barnyardgrass and Palmer amaranth as the most important research and educational need in rice. The top five weeds in order of importance were (1) barnyardgrass, (2) sprangletops, (3) red rice, (4) northern jointvetch, and (5) Palmer amaranth. From a predetermined list of research and educational topics, consultants gave the highest ratings of importance to (1) control of herbicide-resistant weeds, (2) strategies to reduce the occurrence and spread of herbicide-resistant weeds, and (3) development of new economical herbicide-resistant rice varieties which was comparable to economical weed control options. Findings from this survey point to the overuse of imidazolinone-resistant rice and a lack of preemptive resistance management strategies such as crop rotation and use of multiple effective herbicide modes of action by some growers, which has likely contributed to selection for the ALS-resistant barnyardgrass and rice flatsedge recently confirmed in Arkansas and Mississippi rice.
Biological control of weeds
- George E. Templeton
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- Journal:
- American Journal of Alternative Agriculture / Volume 3 / Issue 2-3 / Spring-Summer 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 October 2009, pp. 69-72
- Print publication:
- Spring-Summer 1988
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A shortage of effective, non-chemical pest control measures is a major constraint to more widespread adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Overcoming this constraint with biological pest control tactics appears to be an attainable goal but will require substantial public sector support. Biological agents that are self-perpetuating do not offer profit incentive to private industry. On the other hand, microbial pesticides, which do require annual application, often are so highly specific for particular pests that the private sector is unable to risk venture capital for their development. Collaboration between public- and private-sector scientists is essential for biological pesticide development. In the U.S., a model working relationship for technology transfer between the private and public sector has been achieved with two commercial mycoherbicides, Collego™ and DeVine™. The model illustrates the strengths of the public sector for creating and storing fundamental knowledge of biological interactions at the organismal and ecosystem levels, also the capability of the private sector for large-scale production of fungi, for drying labile, living products, for effective patent protection, for satisfying EPA registration requirements, and for the commercial distribution, marketing and servicing of agricultural products. From three perspectives-biological, technical, and commercial—the success of Collego™ and DeVine™ has provided a definite step in the quest for low-cost weed control methods that are not hazardous to the environment nor in ground water. These successes also provide a model for an approach to reducing the dependence of agriculture upon chemical herbicides, the most extensively used chemical pesticides in agricultural production, likewise a useful insight toward technology that can lead to more widespread adoption of low-input, environmentally compatible and sustainable agricultural production.